Plants and trees came into existence in the world and then different creatures
came into being. Experts believe that creatures emerged some 3500 millions of years
ago. In the process of evolution, man evolved from animals. Scientists say that man
came into existence some 650,000 years back. Since then, man learnt from the
nature as to what to eat, how much to eat, how much to drink and tried to adjust
himself to nature. He lived according to the nature. As long as man was close to
nature he could live for long, with full strength without disease and lived happily. But
gradually he drifted away from the nature seeking physical comforts that ultimately
lead him to sorrow. He is not able to come out his life style that is against the
nature. Consequently right from the newborn to the aged every one is suffering from
some disease or another and their life span is shrinking. There are many reasons for
their difficulties and diseases. Particularly, improper food habits, not drinking of
enough water, defecation and lack of sufficient physical exercise are responsible for
this dire situation. Unless man changes his way of living in tune with nature it is
difficult for him to regain his good health to live comfortably. If we stick to the laws
of nature not only we but also the coming generations can live happily.
Air, Water and Food
Air is the most important thing for all living things. If we don’t breathe we cannot live
even for a moment. After the air water is the utmost necessity for all creatures. If we
stop drinking water we will not survive beyond a few days. The next need is food.
Without food we cannot survive beyond a month or so. If all the above three are
supplied to the body in right proportion man can live up to two to three hundred
years. Any imbalance leads to diseases. Saints, Sages and Yogis, who knew this
secret, led a healthy and long life.
Air occupies large percentage of earth. Water and food take the next two places.
Similarly all creatures need air, water and food in that order to survive. The earth
consists of one fourth of land and three-fourth of water. This is the secret of
creation. Inhaling and exhaling of air, which is vital for the body, is not in our
control. Breathing goes on involuntarily. Air is the only thing in the world, which is
free of cost. However, water and food are under our control but come with a price
tag. Hence, we need to exercise our intelligence to possess them.
Water and Matter 2:1
Like the earth, our food consists two third of water and one third of solid matter. In
most of the foods water content is higher. Water is more important than matter for
our body and the ratio of 2:1 should be maintained everyday.
As body exerts water and matter get depleted and they have to be replenished
everyday. As and when water level in our body decreases it demands water through
thirst. But most people drink sodas and cool drinks instead of water to quench their
thirst. We commit the same mistake with regard to food. The foods that our body
needs and the foods that we supply are entirely different. A better coordination
between supply and demand keeps the body under our control. But alas, we supply
what we wish rather than what the body needs. It is time we listen to the dictates of
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the body. Every activity in the body is propelled by water. It is the water, which is
responsible for two third of activity in the body. Water is the manna of health. The
supply of all-important water to the body helps it to perform its duties perfectly
maintaining good health. There is no harm to the body even if we skip food once in
a day. The food stored in the body comes handy when we skip food. However, if we
do not drink water for some time or for a whole day it triggers serious trouble inside.
It is wrong to think that if we drink water once it will be stored for a long time and
meets the needs of the body. Water is beneficial only when we take it whenever
body needs it. As food is emptied from stomach, water is also emptied from the body
from time to time. As we fill the empty stomach with food we must also supply water
to the body.
Man looks down upon the vehicle called the body. He doesn’t care for it. We commit
the same mistake with regard to food. The foods that our body needs and the foods
that we supply to it are entirely different. A better coordination between supply and
demand keeps the body under our control. But alas, we supply what we wish rather
than what the body needs. It is time we listen to the dictates of the body. Every
activity in the body is propelled by water. It is the water, which is responsible for
three fourths of activity in the body. Water is the manna of health. The supply of allimportant
water to the body helps it to perform its duties perfectly maintaining good
health. There is no harm to the body even if we skip food once in a day. The food
stored in the body comes handy when we skip food. However, if we do not drink
water for some time or for a whole day it triggers serious trouble inside. It is wrong
to think that if we drink water once it will be stored for a long time and meets the
needs of the body. Water is beneficial only when we take it whenever our body needs
it. As food is emptied from stomach, water is also emptied from the body from time
to time. As we fill the empty stomach with food we must also supply water to the
body.
Experimented on Hundreds
If the body has to get full benefit of the food we eat, it is possible only through
water. The benefit to the body from the higher quantity and expensive food we eat is
possible if the water we take is adequate. Nowadays man eats many varieties of food
and yet his energy is low. If we reduce food intake by 50 per cent we can work more
vigorously and can put in more hours of work. However, it is possible only when we
maintain the water ratio. I tried this experiment not only on myself but also on
hundreds of others. I observed more energy and ability in all of them even when
they put in more hours of labor. They were neither tired nor felt uneasy. Unless we
experience it for ourselves we will not know about the benefit of consuming plenty of
water. We use manure for the growth of plant. To a unit of manure or fertilizer we
put ten units of water. This water absorbs the fertilizer, takes it to roots of the plant,
then reaches branches and lastly leaves. Thus fertilizer gives enough strength to the
whole plant only when there is sufficient ratio of water. Food and fertilizer may be of
different nature, but similar process takes place in the body also.
If we are to understand the need for more water we should know as to where
this three fourths of water in our body exists, what form it takes, what it does, what
is the difficulty the body faces when water level comes down, how much water is
spent in the body, what are the likely symptoms when water level is reduced, the
relation between kidneys and water, the relation of water to salt etc.
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Common man may not grasp the inherent relation between water, cells and
blood, which is part of physiology. Hence, let me narrate it here.
Water in the body
Water occupies 68 per cent of the body. Water is there in and around the cells. The
water in the cells is called intra cellular fluid. Extra cellular fluid exists in different
parts of the body in various forms.
1. Plasma.
2. Interstitial fluid, which is in between the cells.
3. Cerebrospinal fluid-- fluid in brain and spine.
4. Serous fluid, which is in the outer layers of lungs and peritoneal fluid in the
stomach and peritoneum covering the intestines.
5. Synovial fluid-- the fluid in the gaps between joints.
6. Digestive juices.
7. Urine.
Extra, Intra Cellular Fluid
Now let us also talk about fluid inside the cells. The whole body is the sum total of
several cells. The water content in the cells of different parts of the body varies. The
water content in the muscles, muscles of heart, brain and lungs is roughly 70 to 80
per cent of the weight of the organs. Liver and skin contain 70 per cent of water and
bones 20 per cent. If the body weight of a person is 70 kilograms he carries 43 liters
of water. Of this, extra cellular fluid is 11 liters and intra cellular fluid 32 liters.
Likewise, a woman whose body weight is 57 kilos has 29 liters of water. Out of this,
extra cellular fluid is 8.5 liters and intra cellular fluid 20.5 liters.
Now, let us see how the fluids in and around the cells are regulated.
Regulation of intra and extra cellular fluid
Sodium and potassium balance water level in the extra cellular and intra cellular
fluids. It is because of these salts the cells get the energy to pump in and pump out
water from the cells.
Intra cellular fluid contains less sodium and more of potassium.
Sodium=20 mg/ liter
Potassium=110 mg./liter
As against this, extra cellular fluid contains more sodium and less potassium.
Sodium= 143mg./liter
Potassium=5mg./liter
The thin membrane around the cell will be instrumental in sending water, sodium
and potassium in and out of the cells. Through this membrane inflow and outflow is
regulated.
Relation between salt and water
When sodium content in the blood is more, osmotic pressure of blood increases and
intestinal fluids enter the blood. At the same time excess salt in blood joins the intra
cellular fluid. When salt comes in, the water in the cells is dragged out of the cells.
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When cells lose water chemical reactions in the cells is hampered. Cells lose the
capacity to purge out waste material. We observe swelling of joints and face in those
who consume more salt. The reason is the intra cellular fluid in the blood comes out.
This manifests as edema. When there is excess salt in the blood kidneys try to purge
it out with frequent urination.
Water flow from blood to cells and vice versa is a continuous process. The water we
consume is absorbed into blood through intestines. The above illustration shows the
process of this absorption. Osmotic pressure is responsible for inflow of water from
extra cellular fluid to intra cellular fluid and vice versa. Let us know about osmotic
pressure.
Osmotic pressure
The pressure which helps flow of low-density liquid into high-density liquid when a
thin membrane separates them is called Osmotic Pressure.
As shown in the above figure if blood is a liquid, the matter in between the cells is
also liquid. The walls of micro veins separate these two liquids. Let us see how
change of water takes place from blood to extra cellular fluid. Similarly the
membrane around the cells is responsible for change of extra cellular and intra
cellular fluid.
Changes that occur after intake of water
We take 1 to 1.5 liters of water in the morning as we think it is beneficial. Many
people think that blood becomes thinner if that much of water is taken in the
morning. They also think that if excess water is taken pressure of blood decreases,
kidneys will have a problem. With this misunderstanding they desist from taking
water and also discourage others. But this is not true. It has been scientifically
proved that there is no harm as such by taking more water.
An extract from Samson Wrights’ Applied physiology, published by Oxford University
Press, pp 35, is reproduced here for the reference of those who want to know about
it.
REGULATION OF WATER BALANCE AND
COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS BY THE KIDNEY
Water Dieresis
If 1-2 liters of water is drunk, particularly on an empty stomach, absorption takes
place rapidly from the intestines. The passage of water into the blood slightly dilutes
the plasma.
NORMAL EQUILIBRIUM
[K] = 150mEq/ltrs Drink 2 [K+]=143.8
mEQ/LTRS
liters of water 31.3 LTRS
30 ltrs 15.7 ltrs
15 ltrs [Na+] =143.8 mEq/ltrs
[N+] = 150 mEq/ltrs
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Fig 2: Changes in ICF and ECF produced by drinking 2 liters of water and decreases
its crystalloid o.p. by about 3 per cent. (i.e., corresponding to decrease of
concentration of about 10 milliosmoles per liter) this plasma volume increases
slightly. These changes are small because this excess water is distributed throughout
50 liters of body water, and the kidneys increase the loss of fluid in urine.
Body fluid changes
The trivial dilution of the plasma proteins decreases their osmotic pressure to a
negligible extent (e.g. from 25 mm. to 24 mm. Hg); likewise no significant rise
occurs in the capillary blood pressure. The flow of water out of the blood vessels is
the result of decreased crystalloid o.p. of the plasma.
The crystalloid o.p. of the interstitial fluid is higher than the reduced o.p. of the
plasma; water therefore passes from plasma into the interstitial spaces. (Electrolytes
simultaneously diffuse in the other direction, i.e., from the interstitial fluid into the
plasma, but the rate of movement of water in the opposite direction is faster and
more important. At equilibrium the volume of both plasma and interstitial fluid is
increased and both fluids, which together comprise the ECF, have an identical but
lower crystalloid o.p.)
The balance that is normally maintained between intra and extra cellular fluid is
disturbed, and owing to the fall in crystalloid o.p. of the ECF, fluid enters the cells.
Finally the ingested water is distributed equally throughout the body water and all
the body fluids have a slightly lower crystalloid o.p. If there were no renal responses
and if the 2 liters of water ingested were to be stored in the 45 liters of body water
the crystalloid o.p. would fall by only 4.4 per cent.
Renal changes
A renal response occurs after a latent period of 15-30 minutes [Fig. 3.]; the flow of
urine rises (from the ‘resting’ value of 50 ml. Per hr.) to its peak usually within an
hour and a half when a maximum excretory rate of 1300 ml. Per hr. (22ml. Per min.)
may be attained; the dieresis declines and is usually over in 3 hours by which time
the excess urinary output has about equaled the excess fluid intake.
As the volume of urine increases, its specific gravity falls, e.g., to 1001; there may
be a slight total increased excretion of NaCI and urea during the dieresis although
the percentage concentration of these substances is, of course, very low. This initial
washing out of solids is compensated for by a lessened rate of excretion after the
diuresis is over. The point to emphasise however is, the kidney responds selectively
by an enormous increase in water output with little associated loss of solids. There
are no changes in renal dynamics. There is no increase in renal blood flow; there is
no increase in G.F.R. unless the urinary output of 900 ml. Per hour (=15 ml. Per
minute) means that, of every 130 ml. Of glomerular filtrate although 16 ml., as
usual, reach the distal tubule per minute, 15 ml. are allowed to escape in the urine
(compared to 1 ml. as normally)
The level of diuresis is of the same order of magnitude as that seen in clinical
diabetes insipidus and likewise due to lack of ADH. The dilution of the plasma
crystalloids switches off the hypothalamicohypophyseal mechanism responsible for
ADH secretion. It will be noted that the dilution of the plasma precedes the onset of
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diuresis. During this period it may be supposed that the circulating ADH is being
destroyed and that no fresh ADH is being secreted; as the blood ADH level falls and
diuresis sets in.
Now let us see why there is no harm even if excess water is taken.
When we take one or two liters of water on empty stomach it is absorbed by the
intestines and stomach within minutes. The water so absorbed by intestines reaches
blood. With this plasma is slightly diluted. Even then there is no remarkable change
in the osmotic pressure of plasma. Osmotic pressure of plasma comes down to 24
mm Hg from 25 mm Hg. The quantity of blood increases slightly. The changes in the
blood after excess water is taken are negligible. Because the water we take mixes up
with the 43 liters of water in our body and is dispersed all through the body. There is
no change in capillary blood pressure either.
Water from the blood flows into intra cellular fluid when osmotic pressure of blood is
decreased, the reason being the osmotic pressure in the intra cellular fluid is more
than the osmotic pressure of the blood. Now we know that how water flows from the
blood to extra cellular fluid.
Let us know about the inflow of water from extra cellular fluid to intra cellular fluid.
As water flows from blood to extra cellular fluid, sodium and potassium enter into
blood. When sodium and potassium enter blood the osmotic pressure in the cells is
reduced. Since the osmotic pressure in the cells is more than the intra cellular fluid
enters the cells. In this way the water we consume enters all the cells of the body
equally. Now, let us see how kidneys are effected by the excess water we take.
Changes in the kidney when 2 liters of water is taken on empty stomach
Kidneys produce 50 ml. of urine per hour in a healthy person. The outer limit of the
urine the kidneys can produce is 1300 ml. When this limit is reached production
decreases. Likewise when we take more water 1300 ml. urine is produced in one or
one and half hours time. There is neither change in the working of kidneys nor in
their efficiency or in the percentage of blood, which enters kidneys, or the filtering
capacity of the kidneys altered.
When urine is produced in more quantity the amount of sodium chloride and urea
slightly increase. No material, which is useful to the body, goes out.
Reason for excess urination
Generally while filtering the blood kidneys absorb the necessary water and discharge
excess water in the form of urine. When we take more water the filtered water is not
absorbed again. So, that excess water goes out in the form of urine. Therefore, our
kidneys have the great capability to retain water that is necessary and discharge the
excess water.
We learnt that excess water is useful to the body and there is no harm whatsoever.
Now let us talk about the harm to the body when there is less amount of water.
9
Changes that occur with less water
Everyday water from the body is expelled through urine, sweat through skin and
breathing. Let us see what amount of water goes out through these forms.
1. 1 to 1.5 liters of water goes out through kidneys in the form of urine.
2. Roughly 600 to 800 ml. of water goes out through skin by way of sweat, some of
it visible and some of it is invisible. When sweating is more daily two liters of
water goes out.
3. 400 to 500 ml. of water goes out from lungs while we exhale.
4. 100 ml. of water is discharged through ablution.
Hence, we have to replenish the water that is lost every day. Some times, when we
suffer from loose bowels and vomiting more water is lost. If the lost water is not
replenished immediately it may lead to complications.
When the water level in the body reduces, the extra cellular fluid also reduces
resulting in increase in osmotic pressure. Then intra cellular fluid is drawn into extra
cellular fluid. Cells, which lost water, would contract. With this the chemical reaction
of the cells is affected. The food taken by cells is not converted into energy. Salts like
sodium and potassium go out. Quantity of urine also comes down. When water level
in the body is reduced most important electrolytes are also lost.
Changes in kidneys
1. There is no change of blood flow to kidneys.
2. Water percentage in the filtered blood by kidneys is reduced.
3. Quantity of urine decreases.
4. Urea, uric acid, creatine, phosphates, waste material-containing nitrogen
accumulate in blood.
5. Unless urine is discharged these waste material are not purged out.
Problems with reduction of water level in the body:
We go thirsty and become weak; skin is dry and loses elasticity; eyes dry up.
Kidneys discharge their duty properly only if water is taken aplenty. They can purify
the blood properly. I heard a specialist in nephrology on television saying that we
should take at least four liters of water a day if kidneys are to function efficiently. He
also said that nothing helps kidneys better as water does.
I have written all this to explain scientifically as what water does to cells. Many
people do not understand all these things. Some cannot understand these things
unless they are written in detail. In this chapter I tried to explain that there is no
harm in taking plenty of water either once in a day or several times a day. When we
know the important role played by water in the body we try to consume abundant
water. If one knows this he will not look down upon water.
Thanks
Dr. Manthena Satyanarayana Raju
Natural therapist